The SAP workforce continued to grow and increased in diversity.
As at December 31, 2021, we employed 107,415 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees worldwide (2020: 102,430). This represents an increase in the workforce of 4,985 FTEs (914 thereof from acquisitions) in comparison to 2020.
The rate of Women in Management increased to 28.3% compared to 27.5% in 2020.
The following table provides an overview of employee headcount, broken down by function and by the regions EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa), Americas (North America and Latin America), and APJ (Asia Pacific Japan).
| Full-time equivalents | 12/31/2021 | 12/31/2020 | 12/31/2019 | |||||||||
| EMEA | Americas | APJ | Total | EMEA | Americas | APJ | Total | EMEA | Americas | APJ | Total | |
| Cloud and software | 5,947 | 4,586 | 5,113 | 15,646 | 6,278 | 4,589 | 5,525 | 16,392 | 6,501 | 4,426 | 5,361 | 16,288 |
| Services | 8,229 | 5,491 | 5,924 | 19,644 | 8,175 | 5,934 | 5,733 | 19,842 | 8,250 | 6,018 | 5,971 | 20,239 |
| Research and development | 15,347 | 6,326 | 10,571 | 32,244 | 13,705 | 6,094 | 9,781 | 29,580 | 12,710 | 5,793 | 9,131 | 27,634 |
| Sales and marketing | 11,136 | 11,598 | 5,481 | 28,215 | 10,348 | 10,485 | 5,000 | 25,834 | 10,205 | 10,368 | 5,209 | 25,781 |
| General and administration | 3,374 | 2,306 | 1,199 | 6,879 | 3,285 | 2,161 | 1,243 | 6,689 | 3,161 | 2,123 | 1,246 | 6,530 |
| Infrastructure | 2,609 | 1,353 | 824 | 4,786 | 2,291 | 1,107 | 696 | 4,094 | 2,220 | 984 | 654 | 3,859 |
| SAP Group (December 31) | 46,641 | 31,660 | 29,113 | 107,415 | 44,082 | 30,369 | 27,979 | 102,430 | 43,048 | 29,712 | 27,571 | 100,330 |
| Thereof acquisitions | 462 | 407 | 45 | 914 | 609 | 97 | 75 | 781 | 338 | 1,638 | 137 | 2,113 |
| SAP Group (months’ end average) | 45,359 | 30,651 | 28,354 | 104,364 | 43,340 | 30,306 | 27,830 | 101,476 | 42,697 | 29,368 | 27,092 | 99,157 |
Attracting and maintaining an engaged workforce is key to SAP’s success.
The Employee Engagement Index decreased to 83% (–3 pp compared to 2020) and is slightly below our target range. The Employee Engagement Index is measuring the satisfaction and commitment of our employees, how proud they are of our company, and how strongly they identify with SAP.
We measured a Retention Rate of 92.8% in 2021 (2020: 95.3%). Employee Retention is defined as the ratio of the average number of employees, minus employees who voluntarily departed (excluding restructuring-related terminations), to the average number of employees (in full-time equivalents or FTEs).
When people are healthy, respected, and cared for, it results in greater productivity, engagement, innovation, and customer satisfaction.
We measure the progress of individual employee and organizational health through the Business Health Culture Index (BHCI). In 2021, the BHCI was 81% (2020: 80%) and exceeded the upper end of our target range.
Building trust in leaders is essential for continuously high employee engagement. Our Leadership Trust, measured using Net Promotor Score (NPS) methodology (on a scale between -100 and +100), reached an all-time high of 67 in 2021 (2020: 62) since its introduction in 2013.