€ millions, unless otherwise stated		Notes		2020		2019		2018
Cloud				8,080		6,933		4,993
Software licenses				3,642		4,533		4,647
Software support				11,506		11,547		10,981
Software licenses and support				15,148		16,080		15,628
Cloud and software				23,228		23,012		20,622
Services				4,110		4,541		4,086
Total revenue		(A.1), (C.2)		27,338		27,553		24,708
Cost of cloud				−2,699		−2,534		−2,068
Cost of software licenses and support				−2,008		−2,159		−2,092
Cost of cloud and software				−4,707		−4,692		−4,160
Cost of services				−3,178		−3,662		−3,302
Total cost of revenue				−7,886		−8,355		−7,462
Gross profit				19,453		19,199		17,246
Research and development				−4,454		−4,292		−3,624
Sales and marketing				−7,106		−7,693		−6,781
General and administration				−1,356		−1,629		−1,098
Restructuring		(B.6)		3		−1,130		−19
Other operating income/expense, net				84		18		−20
Total operating expenses				−20,715		−23,081		−19,005
Operating profit				6,623		4,473		5,703
Other non-operating income/expense, net		(C.3)		−179		−74		−56
Finance income				1,473		787		371
Finance costs				−697		−589		−418
Financial income, net		(C.4)		776		198		−47
Profit before tax		(C.2)		7,220		4,596		5,600
Income tax expense		(C.5)		−1,938		−1,226		−1,511
Profit after tax				5,283		3,370		4,088
Attributable to owners of parent				5,145		3,321		4,083
Attributable to non-controlling interests				138		50		6
Earnings per share, basic (in €)		(C.6)		4.35		2.78		3.42
Earnings per share, diluted (in €)		(C.6)		4.35		2.78		3.42

Under the adoption method we chose for IFRS 16, 2018 numbers are not restated to conform to the new accounting policies. For more information, see Note (IN.1).