€ millions, unless otherwise stated	Notes	2020	2019	2018
Cloud		8,080	6,933	4,993
Software licenses		3,642	4,533	4,647
Software support		11,506	11,547	10,981
Software licenses and support		15,148	16,080	15,628
Cloud and software		23,228	23,012	20,622
Services		4,110	4,541	4,086
Total revenue	(A.1), (C.2)	27,338	27,553	24,708
Cost of cloud		−2,699	−2,534	−2,068
Cost of software licenses and support		−2,008	−2,159	−2,092
Cost of cloud and software		−4,707	−4,692	−4,160
Cost of services		−3,178	−3,662	−3,302
Total cost of revenue		−7,886	−8,355	−7,462
Gross profit		19,453	19,199	17,246
Research and development		−4,454	−4,292	−3,624
Sales and marketing		−7,106	−7,693	−6,781
General and administration		−1,356	−1,629	−1,098
Restructuring	(B.6)	3	−1,130	−19
Other operating income/expense, net		84	18	−20
Total operating expenses		−20,715	−23,081	−19,005
Operating profit		6,623	4,473	5,703
Other non-operating income/expense, net	(C.3)	−179	−74	−56
Finance income		1,473	787	371
Finance costs		−697	−589	−418
Financial income, net	(C.4)	776	198	−47
Profit before tax	(C.2)	7,220	4,596	5,600
Income tax expense	(C.5)	−1,938	−1,226	−1,511
Profit after tax		5,283	3,370	4,088
Attributable to owners of parent		5,145	3,321	4,083
Attributable to non-controlling interests		138	50	6
Earnings per share, basic (in €)	(C.6)	4.35	2.78	3.42
Earnings per share, diluted (in €)	(C.6)	4.35	2.78	3.42

Under the adoption method we chose for IFRS 16, 2018 numbers are not restated to conform to the new accounting policies. For more information, see Note (IN.1).