| € millions, unless otherwise stated | Notes | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||
| Cloud | 6,933 | 4,993 | 3,769 | |||||
| Software licenses | 4,533 | 4,647 | 4,872 | |||||
| Software support | 11,547 | 10,981 | 10,908 | |||||
| Software licenses and support | 16,080 | 15,628 | 15,780 | |||||
| Cloud and software | 23,012 | 20,622 | 19,549 | |||||
| Services | 4,541 | 4,086 | 3,912 | |||||
| Total revenue | (A.1), (C.2) | 27,553 | 24,708 | 23,461 | ||||
| Cost of cloud | −2,534 | −2,068 | −1,660 | |||||
| Cost of software licenses and support | −2,159 | −2,092 | −2,234 | |||||
| Cost of cloud and software | −4,692 | −4,160 | −3,893 | |||||
| Cost of services | −3,662 | −3,302 | −3,158 | |||||
| Total cost of revenue | −8,355 | −7,462 | −7,051 | |||||
| Gross profit | 19,199 | 17,246 | 16,410 | |||||
| Research and development | −4,292 | −3,624 | −3,352 | |||||
| Sales and marketing | −7,693 | −6,781 | −6,924 | |||||
| General and administration | −1,629 | −1,098 | −1,075 | |||||
| Restructuring | (B.6) | −1,130 | −19 | −182 | ||||
| Other operating income/expense, net | 18 | −20 | 1 | |||||
| Total operating expenses | −23,081 | −19,005 | −18,584 | |||||
| Operating profit | 4,473 | 5,703 | 4,877 | |||||
| Other non-operating income/expense, net | (C.3) | −74 | −56 | −36 | ||||
| Finance income | 787 | 371 | 476 | |||||
| Finance costs | −589 | −418 | −288 | |||||
| Financial income, net | (C.4) | 198 | −47 | 188 | ||||
| Profit before tax | (C.2) | 4,596 | 5,600 | 5,029 | ||||
| Income tax expense | (C.5) | −1,226 | −1,511 | −983 | ||||
| Profit after tax | 3,370 | 4,088 | 4,046 | |||||
| Attributable to owners of parent | 3,321 | 4,083 | 4,008 | |||||
| Attributable to non-controlling interests | 50 | 6 | 38 | |||||
| Earnings per share, basic (in €) | (C.6) | 2.78 | 3.42 | 3.35 | ||||
| Earnings per share, diluted (in €) | (C.6) | 2.78 | 3.42 | 3.35 |
Under the adoption methods we chose for IFRS 9, 15, and 16, prior-year numbers are not restated to conform to the new accounting policies. For more information, see Note (IN.1).