The process for calculating enterprise resource planning ROI (return on investment) seems straightforward enough: add up the costs, add up the benefits, and compare the two figures. However, there are a number of factors that need to be considered to ensure that your results are valid—and useful. It’s important to have a complete view of both costs and benefits, now and in the future, for both the existing system and the new system under evaluation. Below are expert tips based on dozens of ERP implementations.

Preparing for the ERP ROI analysis

Use a reasonable timeframe for ROI analysis. To ensure your analysis will cover the full lifecycle of both costs and benefits, consider a time frame of at least five years.

Look for cost differences between the legacy system and the replacement ERP system. To do this, you need to enumerate current costs to maintain your legacy system as well as future ERP upgrade costs. Remember that a key motivator to change systems is to add new functionality to remain competitive—so include a realistic estimate of upgrade costs for the legacy system.

Be thorough. Ensure you have gathered each and every cost estimate: for acquiring the new system, getting it implemented, and operating it effectively. In many cases, new system operating costs will be less than existing system costs. Also consider the projected benefits when calculating your ERP return on investment, recognising that those benefits will be realised over time.

Think positively but realistically. If your company is product based (for example, a distributor or manufacturer), you might envisage a significant inventory reduction—but do your homework to understand what result is typical. Also bear in mind that savings will not happen automatically, nor straight away.

Why this much detailed work? ROI is often required for financial planning purposes. It’s also important to understand total project costs and benefits to justify your ERP investment and to evaluate system performance against expectations once implemented. The ERP ROI calculator worksheet below can help you accurately identify your costs—while offering tips and advice to make the process smoother.

Using this worksheet

This page will guide you through a series of tables to be completed. Each step will provide information to assist in filling out those tables.

As you go through the process you can create your own bespoke spreadsheets based on these tables. We’ve also created a downloadable ERP ROI template worksheet to assist you.

There are three major steps to calculating the ROI of an ERP upgrade:

• Calculate the costs
• Estimate the advantages
• Calculate the ROI

1. Calculate the ERP costs

How will your ERP system be implemented?

How the ERP system is deployed significantly impacts the cost estimates. There are several options:

• On-premises (on-prem): On-premises deployment is the traditional way legacy ERP systems have been implemented for decades. The hardware and software are purchased and installed on a company’s own servers, and the system is maintained and upgraded by the company.
• Cloud: In a cloud deployment, the system runs over the internet with hardware and software typically owned and supported by a third-party provider. Businesses subscribe to the service—a licensing model referred to as software-as-a-service (SaaS) ERP.
• Hybrid: In this model, elements of on-premise deployment and cloud can be combined to create a hybrid cloud. This provides the company with the ultimate flexibility but requires significantly more involvement from IT staff.

Which deployment options will you compare?

Calculate the ERP cost of both systems

This section of the worksheet is designed to calculate the total cost of ownership (TCO) for both the existing ERP legacy system and the new replacement system. There are typically four areas of investment:

• Infrastructure
• Software
• Implementation
• Ongoing staff costs

For the initial project justification, it will be necessary to estimate these costs (before you go out for proposals and quotations). Many or most of the items listed here may be included in a package quote but expect to pay for additional services, training, hardware, and software to complete the job.

Growth and support costs will be significantly higher if your existing system is old, not well supported by the developer, or if it is “down-level,” that is, not up to date with developer fixes and releases.

ERP infrastructure costs

In addition to the initial costs, estimate the cost of upgrades and expansion beyond the initial purchase. Since this is a time-oriented estimate—all costs will be replicated (and escalated) through the five years (at least) of the lifecycle—place these upgrade and expansion costs in future years as it is unlikely that you will need to upgrade or expand during the first year or so.

• Initial hardware: Purchase or lease cost of the computers, servers, printers, for example. In the comparison table, this expense should have already been spent for “legacy system.”
• Ongoing upgrades and maintenance: Continued costs for the above infrastructure. There will be no or low infrastructure maintenance costs with SaaS.
• System software licence: Includes operating system, database, utilities, for example.
• System software upgrades and maintenance: Ongoing costs for the aforementioned system software. Expect no or low infrastructure maintenance costs with SaaS.
• Networking equipment and fees: Initial budget for networking equipment and services.
• User devices: Cost to purchase, replace, and maintain the various PCs, tablets, scanners, and so forth.
• Infrastructure facilities fees: Calculated costs for the space and utilities, for example, that the system requires.

ERP software costs—business and productivity applications

Here, you will want to budget for the cost of upgrades and expansion beyond the initial purchase. The annual fees may increase over time as additional users or applications are added, depending on a supplier’s pricing strategy.

• Perpetual licence fee initial cost: Upfront costs especially for on-premise plus some hosted and hybrid licensing options. This has already been spent on the legacy system.
• Perpetual licence ongoing annual fee: This covers the updates and some level of support. For an ERP system, it is typically 16-20% of list price annually. At 20% annually the licence is “repurchased” every five years.
• Annual subscription (SaaS): Use quoted or estimated annual subscription costs for cloud applications.
• Annual maintenance fees (SaaS): Additional support fees that will be needed on the software which are not included elsewhere. Most SaaS software maintenance fees are included in the subscription.

ERP implementation costs

Next you need to estimate the costs of implementing both the initial system and the planned upgrades over the five-year period. Most software suppliers have one or two major releases during a year. Each release is in fact a mini implementation. Firstly, the project team must review the release to determine the overall impact on the current business process. Then the release is loaded and tested. Before going live, the users should be sufficiently trained on the new software. Potential costs to consider include:

• Staff project team: Factor in the budgeted time (including overtime) for IT staff and users.
• Consultancy fees: Determine the initial assistance you may need beyond what the supplier will be including.
• Data conversion, input, and testing: Use staff or temps for data entry, testing, or whatever other basic tasks you need covered. (This is often under-budgeted, which can lead to data quality issues.)
• User education and training: Some initial end user training will be included by the supplier, but to get the most of your system further education is highly recommended.

Ongoing ERP staff costs

Estimate the “normal” operational costs for keeping your new ERP business system up and running. When considering ongoing (recurring) costs, be as realistic as possible and include a reasonable expectation for escalation or inflation year-to-year. The major items will be a blend of internal IT staff and consultants’ time and expenses such as:

• Infrastructure support costs: This covers time budgeted for support beyond what the supplier’s recommendation included. With SaaS, there will be either no infrastructure maintenance costs or minimal costs.
• Backup and disaster recovery: Include outsourced or in-house practices.
• Network and devices support: Estimated support required for the network, PCs, and mobile, for example.
• Periodic bug fixes: This is for IT staff to apply the stream of bug fixes.
• Software integrations: Expect to maintain regularly as software products are updated.
• Software customisations: Updated or reapplied in software release cycles.
• User’s mobile device support: Effort required for app development and support.

Determine the total cost of your legacy ERP versus new ERP system

From the four tables above, transfer the total for each area of investment, as well as the subtotals of the new system costs, to the table below. You will now be able to see the total savings or additional costs of moving to a new system. Expect a mix of negative and positive subtotals for the “5-Year Difference.”

What to do with this information

• If the total “5-Year Difference” is positive, it means that it is more expensive to maintain your legacy system than to replace it. That amount is a direct benefit and needs to be added to Table 8: Summary of ERP benefits (below).
• If the total “5-Year Difference” is negative, it means the new system will be more expensive to implement than to maintain your existing system. The additional benefits will be covered in the next section.
• The total of the New System’s 5-Year Costs will be used below in the ROI calculation as “the investment.”

2. Estimate the ERP advantages

If the five-year cost of the new system is more than the cost of maintaining the legacy system, then you will need sufficient additional benefits to justify making the change—otherwise, why make the switch?

For example, if you anticipate more revenue and higher margins as a result of the upgrade to a new ERP—or if the system will deliver more value and a higher level of customer support – these benefits might help you rationalise the upgrade to a new ERP.

Some of the new system’s benefits are by nature a bit harder to separate out and assign to the new system but well worth the effort to do so. In most cases, there will be plenty of direct benefits to more than justify the new system implementation. But documenting and estimating the indirect benefits will help in project planning, setting priorities, and measuring the results of the ERP implementation on the organisation. Even if you cannot assign a monetary value to these benefits, go ahead and list them in the ROI worksheet and the project plan.

Examples of ERP benefits

For this worksheet, sample ERP benefits have been organised into five areas of improvement:

• People productivity
• Decision-making
• Finance and Accounting
• Operations
• Business technology

The lists below are examples of the benefits. There will be many more that you and your team will uncover when reviewing customer success stories, analyst reports, business requirements, software options, and new technology. List the possible benefits and capture initial estimates for process improvements and their financial value.

People productivity

• Support mobile devices to allow working anywhere at any time.
• Improve the efficiency and accuracy in data entry due to awkward procedures and slow system response associated with older ERP systems that are not “user-friendly.”
• Reduce time to productivity with a role-based, modern user interface (UI) that decreases the training time required for users to get up and running.
• Help establish a controlled, managed environment to reduce variability with standardised processes.

Decision-Making

• Consolidate systems to reduce inaccuracies in data and eliminate redundant data.
• Centralise and manage information (single source of truth) to make intra-enterprise communications more effective and help avoid misunderstandings and confusion.
• Access Big Data with modern analytical tools to provide insights for better decision-making.
• Provide user-friendly tools such as alerts and dashboards to allow fast and accurate self-service queries.

Finance and Accounting

• Streamline finance and accounting processes across the company.
• Accelerate monthly closures and enhance accuracy of financial reporting.
• Improve accounts receivable by reducing days sales outstanding (DSO).
• Reduce the stress of audits because the data is organised and readily available, as well as accurate and complete.
• Facilitate regulatory compliance.

Operations

• Enhance company-wide business operations and modernise outdated processes.
• Integrate e-commerce into customer and order management.
• Reduce operational labour costs through better planning systems.
• Increase customer satisfaction with a firm product or delivery date at the time of quoting.
• Help procurement become proactive and controlled rather than chaotic and reliant on expediting.
• Reduce stock without increasing the occurrence of shortages, backorders, or customer disappointment through better stock planning and control.

Business technology

• Replace outdated infrastructure holding the business back.
• Enhance interaction between the various departments' business systems.
• Consolidate standalone legacy applications and reduce the use of Excel spreadsheets and manual workarounds.
• Access new technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
• Provide a path to scalability with modern systems that are designed to grow as a business grows.
• Enforce data security with up-to-date systems and controls.
• Alleviate the issue of finding support for legacy systems that are no longer supported by the supplier.

Document the ERP enhancements

The worksheet below is a sample spreadsheet for documenting your observations and estimates for process improvements and their financial value. Remember to populate each column in your own spreadsheet.

• Create a worksheet for each of the five areas of improvement listed above.
• Record the processes under each that will be improved.
• Estimate the annual direct and indirect amounts.
• Calculate the five-year total value.
• Specify the benefit, even if the pound amount cannot be determined.

Identify the direct and indirect benefits for each department in your organisation. Following is an example of benefits in the finance and accounting area. You’ll need a table like this for each department in your organisation.

Summarise all the ERP benefits

Once all the areas of improvement have been considered, add the sum of the five-year total from each department to determine the total benefit.

Also, if you found that the “Total 5-Year Difference” from Table 6: Cost Summary in was positive, then it clearly will be more expensive to maintain your legacy system than replace it. The amount of savings is a direct benefit amount and should be added to the table below in Line 6. If that number was negative (new system costs more than existing) place a nought (0) in Line 6.

3. Calculate the ERP ROI

You will not need a spreadsheet for this stage.

At this point, you should have all the information you need to calculate the ROI on your ERP investment using this formula:

ROI = (Benefits – Investment)/Investment

Here’s where you find the information:

• The “Investment” is the “Total New System’s 5-Year Costs,” which is the total from Table 6: Summary of ERP Costs
• The “Benefits” is the “Total Project ERP Benefits” from Table 8: Summary of ERP Benefits

In most cases the benefit will be larger than the investment and you will end up with a ratio greater than 1.

For example, if the five-year benefit is US$2,000,000 and the five-year investment is £575,000, the ratio would be (£2,000,000 – £575,000) / £575,000 = 2.479 and that is rounded to 2.5.

Multiply that ratio by 100 to get the ROI percentage that results from upgrading your ERP system. In our example, the 2.5 ratio represents a 250% return on investment.

The next step

If the benefits and ROI are sound, the next step is to expand the effort to match your company’s planning and budgeting process. Since software affects both operating and capital budgets, you may need to involve more stakeholders.

• Communicate with the sponsoring executives and team members who created the estimates.
• Provide supporting sales, costs, and other documentation.
• Create specific sales and cost forecasts by year.
• Prepare financial analysis data for total cost of ownership (TCO), payback period, and other calculations.