What is ERP?
Get the basics in our guide to ERP
ERP definition in detail
ERP stands for enterprise resource planning, but what does ERP mean? The simplest way to define ERP is to think about all the core business processes needed to run a company: finance, HR, manufacturing, supply chain, services, procurement, and others. At its most basic level, ERP helps to efficiently manage all these processes in an integrated system. It is often referred to as the system of record of the organisation.
Yet today’s ERP systems are anything but basic and have little resemblance to the ERP of decades ago. They are now delivered via the cloud and use the latest technologies – such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning – to provide intelligent automation, greater efficiency, and instant insight across the business. Modern cloud ERP software also connects internal operations with business partners and networks around the world, giving companies the collaboration, agility, and speed they need to be competitive today.
Why is ERP important?
Sometimes described as “the central nervous system of an enterprise,” an ERP software system provides the automation, integration, and intelligence that is essential to efficiently run all day-to-day business operations. Most or all of an organisation’s data should reside in the ERP system to provide a single source of truth across the business.
Finance requires an ERP to quickly close the books. Sales needs ERP to manage all customer orders. Logistics relies on well-running ERP software to deliver the right products and services to customers on time. Accounts payable needs ERP to pay suppliers correctly and on time. Management needs instant visibility into the company’s performance to make timely decisions. And banks and shareholders require accurate financial records, so they count on reliable data and analysis made possible by the ERP system.
The importance of ERP software to businesses is illustrated by the growing adoption rate. According to G2, “The global ERP software market is projected to reach US$78.40 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 10.2% from 2019 to 2026.”
Six key benefits of ERP
A good ERP system offers many advantages — which can vary depending on how the system is deployed. The benefits of cloud ERP, for example, are different than on premise. That said, there are six major benefits that apply to all modern ERP solutions:
- Higher productivity: Streamline and automate your core business processes to help everyone in your organisation do more with fewer resources.
- Deeper insights: Eliminate information silos, gain a single source of truth, and get fast answers to mission-critical business questions.
- Accelerated reporting: Fast-track business and financial reporting and easily share results. Act on insights and improve performance in real time.
- Lower risk: Maximise business visibility and control, ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, and predict and prevent risk.
- Simpler IT: By using integrated ERP applications that share a database, you can simplify IT and give everyone an easier way to work.
- Improved agility: With efficient operations and ready access to real-time data, you can quickly identify and react to new opportunities.
ERP examples in different industries
Businesses in every industry – from automotive to wholesale distribution – need accurate, real-time information and effective business processes to compete and thrive. Different industries rely on their ERP software for quite different reasons, however. Here are just a few examples:
- Utilities need to constantly review their capital assets, not only to meet demand for future services but also for the replacement of aging assets. Without ERP, the effort to prioritize these major asset investments would be difficult and error prone. ERP also helps solve another critical utility company issue: forecasting of spare parts. Not having the right parts during an outage can create a significant customer service issue. On the other hand, having too many spare parts means excessive costs and out-of-date stock.
- For wholesalers, importers, direct store delivery, and 3PL/4PL firms, on-time delivery is key. All of these organisations want to reduce distribution costs, increase inventory turns, and shorten order-to-cash time. To achieve these goals, they need integration of inventory management, purchasing, and logistics functionality, as well as automated processes that are customised to their needs.
- Discrete, batch, and continuous process manufacturers all rely on ERP and supply chain systems to meet product quality goals, manage asset utilisation, control overtime costs, handle customer returns and more. Manufacturers can also gain end-to-end inventory control by monitoring stock movements, pinpointing top and underperforming products, and managing procurement more efficiently.
- Service companies – including accounting, tax, engineering, IT, legal, and other professional services firms – require powerful, real-time mobile ERP technology to balance service delivery commitments with financial health. Key to professional service success is the ability to stay on schedule while managing project profitability, resource utilisation, revenue recognition, recurring revenue objectives, and growth opportunities.
- Retail has undergone a significant transformation now that e-commerce has merged with other sales channels as well as brick-and-mortar operations. The ability to provide self-service options for identifying, configuring, purchasing, and shipping products is dependent on integrated data. A modern ERP also helps retailers reduce cart abandonments, improve Web site conversions, boost average order value, and increase customer lifetime value.
How do ERP systems work?
An ERP system – also called an ERP suite – is made up of integrated modules or business applications that talk to each other and share common a database.
Each ERP module typically focuses on one business area, but they work together using the same data to meet the company’s needs. Finance, accounting, human resources, sales, procurement, logistics, and supply chain are popular starting points. Companies can pick and choose the module they want and can add on and scale as needed.
ERP systems also support industry-specific requirements, either as part of the system’s core functionality or through application extensions that seamlessly integrate with the suite.
ERP software can be bought using a cloud subscription model (software-as-a-service) or a licensing model (on premise).
The ERP software system shown here illustrates enterprise resource planning use cases for sourcing and procurement, as well as sales. Typical ERP modules also address finance, manufacturing, and supply chain, among other applications.
Common ERP modules
Enterprise resource planning systems include a variety of different modules. Each ERP module supports specific business processes – like finance, procurement, or manufacturing – and provides employees in that department with the transactions and insight they need do their jobs. Every module connects to the ERP system, which delivers a single source of truth and accurate, shared data across departments.
Components of an enterprise resource planning system
The most widely used ERP modules include:
- Finance: The finance and accounting module is the backbone of most ERP systems. In addition to managing the general ledger and automating key financial tasks, it helps businesses track accounts payable (AP) and receivable (AR), close the books efficiently, generate financial reports, comply with revenue recognition standards, mitigate financial risk, and more.
- Human resources management: Most ERP systems include an HR module that provides core capabilities such as time and attendance and payroll. Add-ons, or even entire human capital management (HCM) suites, can connect to the ERP and deliver more robust HR functionality – everything from workforce analytics to employee experience management.
- Sourcing and procurement: The sourcing and procurement module helps businesses procure the materials and services they need to manufacture their goods – or the items they want to resell. The module centralises and automates purchasing, including requests for quotes, contract creation, and approvals. It can minimise underbuying and overbuying, improve supplier negotiations with AI-powered analytics, and even seamlessly connect with buyer networks.
- Sales: The sales module keeps track of communications with prospects and customers – and helps reps use data-driven insights to increase sales and target leads with the right promotions and upsell opportunities. It includes functionality for the order-to-cash process, including order management, contracts, billing, sales performance management, and sales force support.
- Manufacturing: The manufacturing module is a key planning and execution component of ERP software. It helps companies simplify complex manufacturing processes and ensure production is in line with demand. This module typically includes functionality for material requirements planning (MRP), production scheduling, manufacturing execution, quality management, and more.
- Logistics and supply chain management: Another key component of ERP systems, the supply chain module tracks the movement of goods and supplies throughout an organisation’s supply chain. The module provides tools for real-time inventory management, warehousing operations, transportation, and logistics – and can help increase supply chain visibility and resilience.
- Service: In an ERP, the service module helps companies deliver the reliable, personalised service customers have come to expect. The module can include tools for in-house repairs, spare parts, field service management, and service-based revenue streams. It also provides analytics to help service reps and technicians rapidly solve customer issues and improve loyalty.
- R&D and engineering: Feature-rich ERP systems include an R&D and engineering module. This module provides tools for product design and development, product lifecycle management (PLM), product compliance, and more – so companies can quickly and cost-effectively create new innovations.
- Enterprise asset management: Robust ERP systems can include an EAM module – which helps asset-intensive businesses minimise downtime and keep their machines and equipment running at peak efficiency. This module includes functionality for predictive maintenance, scheduling, asset operations and planning, environment, health and safety (EHS), and more.
Types of ERP deployment
Modern ERP systems can be deployed in a number of ways: in a public or private cloud, on premise, or in various hybrid scenarios that combine environments. Here are some of the high-level benefits of each to help you identify the ERP deployment option that makes the most sense for your business.
Types of ERP deployment
Cloud ERP
With cloud ERP, the software is hosted in the cloud and delivered over the Internet as a service that you subscribe to. The software provider generally takes care of regular maintenance, updates, and security on your behalf. Today, cloud ERP is the most popular deployment method for many reasons – including lower upfront costs, greater scalability and agility, easier integration, and much more.
On-Premise ERP
This is the traditional model for deploying software where you control everything. The ERP software is typically installed in your data centre at the locations of your choice. The installation and maintenance of the hardware and software is your staff’s responsibility.
Many companies are modernizing and upgrading their on-premise ERP systems to cloud deployments. This requires careful planning of your ERP upgrade as well as a thoughtful process of evaluating ERP software and deployment options.
Hybrid ERP
For companies that want a mixture of both to meet their business requirements, there is the hybrid cloud ERP model. This is where some of your ERP applications and data will be in the cloud and some on premise. Sometimes this is referred to as two-tier ERP.
ERP for finance can help you manage your daily accounting and financial close processes securely, regardless of your deployment approach.
ERP integration
Today’s ERP systems provide an enormous range of business functionality, but they still need to connect to and synchronise with other applications and data sources – such as CRM and HCM software, e-commerce platforms, industry-specific solutions, and even other ERPs. With ERP integration, companies can gain a unified view of information from different systems, increase business process efficiency, improve customer experiences, and facilitate collaboration across teams and business partners.
Modern ERP systems are open and flexible – and can easily integrate with a wide range of software products using connectors or customised adaptors, such as application programming interfaces (APIs). Other methods for ERP integration include ESB (enterprise service bus) and iPaaS (integration platform-as-a-service). iPaaS, which offers a cloud-based approach, is a very popular option for modern businesses. iPaaS platforms can rapidly sync on-premise or cloud-based ERP with SaaS applications from the same vendor or third-parties. They typically require little-to-no coding, they’re flexible and relatively inexpensive, and they offer a whole host of other uses – such as automatic API generation, machine learning data integration, Internet of Things (IoT) network integration, prebuilt content, and more.
The total cost of ERP
The cost of ERP depends on the software vendor, the modules selected, and the deployment method. Generally speaking, cloud-based ERP has lower costs than on-premise ERP because there is no hardware that needs to be purchased – and no expensive in-house IT experts that need to be hired. The vendor handles the maintenance and charges the customer an annual or monthly subscription fee, usually based on the number of users.
When calculating the return on investment (ROI) and total cost of ownership (TCO) of a new ERP implementation, the initial and ongoing workforce costs are just as important as the software selection and deployment costs. With cloud and hybrid options, new factors must be evaluated. For example, software maintenance, facility, computer capacity, downtime, recovery, security, privacy, and IT staff costs are all important considerations. As mentioned, cloud options significantly reduce both capital and operating costs – improving both ROI and TCO.
ERP history: The rapid evolution of ERP
Computerized business applications were born in the accounting and finance world in the 1960’s using mainframe computers. These pioneering applications were faster and more accurate than manual processes – but were expensive, limited in functionality, and still slow. Before long, these applications spawned the development of dedicated, standalone solutions such as sales order processing and manufacturing requirements planning (MRP).
In the mid 1980’s, competition in the manufacturing sector was exploding and new tools were required. New MRP II software integrated accounting and finance, sales, purchasing, inventory, and manufacturing planning and scheduling – providing the manufacturer with an integrated system.
Near the end of the 1990’s, ERP was introduced. ERP transformed the technology sector by serving a broader range of industries and by combining MRP II, human resources, project accounting, and end-user reporting.
In the short span of the 21st century, faster Internet speeds and new development tools have again revolutionised ERP suites. The introduction of browser-based software paved the way for cloud ERP software, a breakthrough that has expanded both the reach and the functionality of ERP solutions.
Today – in the era of digital transformation – modern ERP systems are increasingly taking advantage of new intelligent technologies such as AI, machine learning, robotic process automation (RPA), the IoT, natural language processing (NLP), and in-memory databases. They provide businesses with the ability to run even more efficient processes, leverage up-to-the-minute insights from both transactional and unstructured data, and ultimately remain competitive in a time of unprecedented change.
The future of ERP
Digital transformation is speeding up – and ERP is at the core. As enterprises adopt digital technologies in every part of the business, they are fundamentally changing the way they operate.
According to Gartner, one of the core digital business accelerators is to “banish drags” – in other words, eliminate any negative force that slows the business down, including outdated processes and systems. So, it’s not surprising that companies are already demanding more robust ERP systems.
Following are three major trends that build on the momentum we see today:
- Cloud, cloud, cloud: Preference for cloud ERP will continue to intensify as more and more companies discover the benefits – including “anywhere” access, reduced cost of hardware and technical support, greater security, and integration with other systems, to name just a few. According to Panorama Research in their 2020 ERP Report, “More than half of organisations are selecting cloud software (63%) instead of on-premises software (37%).” As the speed of business continues to accelerate, cloud becomes even more essential.
- Vertical integration: The tug of war between best-of-breed solutions and integrated ERP is officially over. Going forward, we believe that companies will demand the best of both worlds – a fully integrated ERP system with vertical extensions. This allows companies to get the specific functionality they need, without painful integration issues or data locked in information silos. We also see the shift toward ever greater flexibility, as business processes are tailored to individual company needs.
- User personalisation: Staff, customers, and suppliers all want content and functionality that matches their specific needs or interests and makes them more productive. The changing demographics of the workforce, particularly in industries such as manufacturing, are also driving interest in low-code, no-code platforms. These platforms allow users to get the experience they want, rather than having to adapt to the software. Users can also expect customised dashboards, AI-driven search, personalised chat, and personalised workflows across devices.
Explore more ERP technology trends – and learn how to systematically evaluate your options, avoid pitfalls, and get started with the right innovations for your business.
10 things to look for in an ERP system
Any modern ERP system will have a long list of capabilities based on the industry they serve and the modules they offer. However, there are 10 fundamental features that all enterprise resource management systems should have:
- A common database: Centralised information and single version of the truth – providing consistent, shared data and a cross-functional view of the company.
- Embedded analytics: Built-in analytics, self-service BI, reporting, and compliance tools that can deliver intelligent insight for any area of the business.
- Data visualisation: Visual presentation of key information with dashboards, KPIs, and point-and-click analytics to assist in quick and informed decision-making.
- Automation. Automation of repetitive tasks as well as advanced RPA powered by AI and machine learning.
- Consistent UI/UX: The same look and feel across modules – as well as easy-to-use configuration and personalisation tools for processes, users (including customers and suppliers), business units, locations, and product lines, for example.
- Integration: Seamless integration of business processes and workflows – as well as open and easy integration with other software solutions and data sources, including from third parties.
- New technologies: Support for AI and machine learning, digital assistants, the IoT, RPA, security and privacy, and mobile.
- Technology platform: A fast, proven, and stable technology stack for this long-term investment – including a low-code/no-code platform, iPaaS, data management, and more.
- Multinational support: Including for languages, currencies, and local business practices and regulations – as well as technical support for cloud services, training, help desk, and implementation.
- Choice of deployment: Cloud, on-premise, or hybrid.
Try a modern cloud ERP
See the benefits of an intelligent ERP system firsthand – try SAP S/4HANA Cloud.
ERP at any size: What are my options?
ERP isn’t just for global enterprises. ERP solutions are designed for businesses of all sizes – small, midsize, and large. You can also get industry- and company-specific functionality to meet unique business needs. Regardless of your business sector and size, you’ll want to plan your ERP implementation project carefully, following best practices.
Small business ERP
ERP software for small businesses can help you move beyond spreadsheets and efficiently manage every aspect of your growing company – from sales and customer relationships to financials and operations. Small business ERP tools are typically in the cloud, quick to install, and designed to grow with you.
Mid-Market ERP
Today, ERP software designed for mid-market companies and subsidiaries benefit from built-in analytics, rapid deployment, and best practices for dozens of different business processes – financials, HR, supply chain management, and more. Midsize ERP tools help growing businesses scale and compete, even with limited resources. Modular, cloud-based enterprise ERP systems are also a popular choice for midmarket companies with complex processes or plans for rapid growth.
Enterprise ERP
Large companies with global or subsidiary operations need a robust, market-leading ERP system with embedded AI, machine learning, and analytics – and intelligent automation to transform business models and processes. ERP systems can be deployed on premise, in the cloud, or in a hybrid scenario depending on business need. They can integrate with existing databases or, ideally, run on newer, powerful in-memory databases.
Many companies are modernizing and upgrading their on-premise ERP systems to cloud deployments. This requires careful planning of your ERP upgrade, as well as an ERP evaluation and review of your deployment options.
Hear how the NBA is supporting the growth of their company and smoother operations with SAP S/4HANA Cloud.
Explore ERP software
No matter what your size, SAP has an ERP solution for your business needs.
More in this series
ERP FAQs
An ERP software system is a set of integrated applications or modules for managing a company’s core business processes – including finance and accounting, supply chain, HR, procurement, sales, inventory management, and more. ERP modules are integrated into one complete system and share a common database to streamline processes and information across the enterprise. Businesses can expand the scope of their ERP as they grow.
Cloud ERP is the deployment of ERP in the cloud rather than on premise. The cloud provides an ideal environment for ERP as it is an accessible, reliable, secure, and highly scalable platform for mission-critical software. True cloud ERP software is developed specifically for cloud deployment and takes full advantage of the cloud environment. Learn more about cloud ERP and ERP deployment options.
In accounting, the acronym ERP stands for enterprise resource planning – which is a type of business management software. ERP finance modules offer many of the same features as accounting software, such as tools for accounts receivable and payable, general ledger, expense management, reporting and analysis, and more. In addition to finance, ERP includes modules for different lines of business, such as supply chain and HR, and integrates everything together in a single system.
Most businesses start out using a variety of simple, standalone tools to manage different business processes – such as QuickBooks or Excel spreadsheets. Here are five signs you’ve outgrown them and need a modern ERP system.
- You’re spending more time on daily activities. If it’s taking longer to manage key activities, like closing the books, too many disparate applications may be to blame. ERP software integrates solutions and data into one system with a common interface, making it easier for business units to communicate and do their jobs effectively.
- You have many unanswered business questions. Can you easily answer important questions about your business, such as revenue per product line or number of returns? If not, segregated systems and a lack of access to metrics and KPIs may be holding you back. Enterprise resource planning software is designed to address these challenges.
- You have runaway business processes. Are there areas where your processes are getting away from you? Maybe it’s harder for you to manage inventory, satisfy customers, or keep costs in check. If so, your business processes may need to be restructured to accommodate growth or changing priorities – a natural fit for ERP software.
- You have manual processes with multiple data sets. Are most of your departments using their own applications and processes to get things done? If so, chances are you’re spending too much time on duplicate data entry. When information can’t flow between systems, reporting takes longer, errors happen often, and decision-making is hampered.
- You’re missing out on fast-moving opportunities. Are you spending so much time running your business that you can’t pursue exciting new opportunities? Newer ERP systems include advanced, intelligent capabilities, like machine learning and predictive analytics, that make it easier to identify and capitalise on profitable new ventures.
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